rip

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+*.log
+*.aux
+*.synctex.gz

CLIENT.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#/bin/bash
+# CONFIGURACAO DO CLIENTE
+# (KALI LINUX)
+
+function instalar() {
+    apt list installed "$1" &>/dev/null && echo "$1 já instalado" || sudo apt install -y "$1"
+}
+
+IP="20.60.0.2"
+
+sudo ifconfig eth1 $IP netmask 255.255.255.0
+sudo route add default gw 20.60.0.1
+
+sudo apt update
+instalar zaproxy
+
+
+# exploits

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1 @@
-# Coisas para leres que sao fixes wowowowowowow !!!!! (Assignment 2)
-- Os slides (duh)
-- Okay  o mais importante é os slides.
-
-- [X.509 (ssl.com)](https://www.ssl.com/faqs/what-is-an-x-509-certificate/)
-- [X.509 (youtube)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAaIYRJoJkc)
+kys 

SERVER.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SERVIDOR INTERNO
+# (CentOS 9)
+alias "s"="sudo systemctl"
+
+function instalar() {
+    yum list installed "$1" &>/dev/null && echo "$1 já instalado" || sudo yum install -y "$1"
+}
+
+IP_EXTERNAL="20.60.0.1"
+IP_INTERNAL="10.60.0.1"
+
+sudo ifconfig enp0s8 $IP_EXTERNAL netmask 255.255.255.0
+sudo ifconfig enp0s9 $IP_INTERNAL netmask 255.255.255.0
+
+# instalar packages
+if ! command -v node &> /dev/null || [[ "$(node -v)" != v24.* ]]; then
+    echo "Configurando repositório do Node.js 24..."
+    curl -fsSL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_24.x | sudo bash -
+    sudo yum remove -y nodejs
+fi
+instalar nodejs
+
+# instalar mod security e apache
+instalar epel-release
+instalar httpd
+instalar mod_security
+
+instalar iptables-services
+s stop firewalld
+s disable firewalld
+s mask firewalld
+s enable iptables
+sudo iptables -F
+
+# nat
+sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
+sudo iptables -t nat -F
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s8 -o enp0s9 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o enp0s8 -j MASQUERADE
+sudo iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
+
+sudo cp conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
+sudo cp conf/modsecurity.conf /etc/httpd/conf/modsecurity.conf
+sudo mkdir -p /var/log/modsecurity/
+sudo rm -f /etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_security.conf
+sudo rm -f /etc/httpd/modsecurity.d/*.conf
+
+# instalar juice-shop se nao existir
+jspath="/var/juice-shop"
+if [[ ! -f "$jspath/package.json" ]]; then
+    sudo mkdir -p "$jspath"
+    curl -L -o js.tar.gz "https://github.com/juice-shop/juice-shop/releases/download/v20.0.0/juice-shop-20.0.0_node24_linux_x64.tgz"
+    sudo tar -xzvf js.tar.gz -C "$jspath" --strip-components=1
+    rm js.tar.gz
+    sudo chown -R $USER:$USER "$jspath"
+fi
+
+sudo systemctl stop httpd
+
+# correr juice shop via npm
+cd "$jspath"
+npm start &
+
+httpd -X

TODO.md

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Objectivos de acordo com o enunciado 
-
-## Goals
-- [X] Configure a tunnel in the "road warrior"
-- [ ] Enable two factor authentication with OpenSSL and Apache services
-- [ ] Manage PKI: certification authorities, X.509 certificates, revocation and OCSP.
-

assignment2/VM_CONFIG.sh

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ if [[ "$USER" != "root" ]]; then
 fi
 
 yum install -y epel-release
-yum install -y openvpn iptables-services dhcp-client
+yum install -y openvpn iptables-services dhcp-client ntpsec
 systemctl stop firewalld
 systemctl disable firewalld
 systemctl mask firewalld
@@ -28,9 +28,3 @@ mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/client
 systemctl stop chronyd
 ntpdate pool.ntp.org
 systemctl start chronyd
-
-# NOTE(vasco): o openvpn não consegui aceder ao home e ler os secrets
-# do google authenticator, por isso fiz isto:
-mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/openvpn-server@.service.d
-echo -e "[Service]\nProtectHome=false" > /etc/systemd/system/openvpn-server@.service.d/override.conf
-systemctl daemon-reload

assignment2/VM_OPENSSL_APACHE.sh

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ source VM_CONFIG.sh
 
 sudo yum install -y epel-release
 sudo yum install -y openssl httpd mod_ssl mod_authnz_pam google-authenticator 
+sudo yum install -y mod_session
+
+# utilizador
+id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
+echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
 
 if_dentro="enp0s8"
 ip_dentro="10.60.0.1"
@@ -26,28 +31,22 @@ cp ca/dh2048.pem $CA_DIR
 killall openssl 2>/dev/null
 openssl ocsp -index $CA_DIR/index.txt -port 8888 -rsigner $CA_DIR/ca.crt -rkey $CA_DIR/ca.key -CA $CA_DIR/ca.crt -text &
 
-
 # apache
 mkdir -p /etc/httpd/ssl
 cp ca/ca.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
 cp ca/apache.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
 cp ca/apache.key /etc/httpd/ssl/
 cp conf/ssl.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
+cp conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
 cp conf/httpd-totp /etc/pam.d/httpd-totp
 
-# NOTA(vasco) é preciso desativar home protection outra vez
-mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d
-echo -e "[Service]\nProtectHome=false" > /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/override.conf
-systemctl daemon-reload
+# sim, é preciso fazer isto para carregar serviços
+echo "LoadModule session_module modules/mod_session.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
+echo "LoadModule session_cookie_module modules/mod_session_cookie.so" >> /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
+echo "LoadModule auth_form_module modules/mod_auth_form.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-auth_form.conf
 
-# serviço !!!
-systemctl enable --now httpd
+# mega paginas webs
+cp -r www/* /var/www/html/
+chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/
 
-# acho ?????
-sudo chgrp apache /etc/shadow
-sudo chmod o+x /home/john
-sudo chown apache /home/john/.google_authenticator
-sudo chmod 400 /home/john/.google_authenticator
-sudo chmod o+x /home/user
-sudo chown apache /home/user/.google_authenticator
-sudo chmod 400 /home/user/.google_authenticator
+httpd -X

assignment2/VM_ROAD_WARRIOR.sh

@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir
 cp ca/user.key $vpn_dir 
 cp ca/user.crt $vpn_dir 
 cp conf/client.conf $vpn_dir 
+
 openvpn --config "${vpn_dir}/client.conf"

assignment2/VM_VPN_GATEWAY.sh

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 source VM_CONFIG.sh
 yum install -y google-authenticator qrencode ntpsec
 
-
 # --- forwarding --- #
 if_fora="enp0s8"
 ip_fora="193.136.212.1"
@@ -23,13 +22,13 @@ ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
 echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
 sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
 
-iptables -I INPUT 1  -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT # :O
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_dentro -j ACCEPT # :P
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_dentro -o $mega_tunel -j ACCEPT # ;)
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j ACCEPT # faltava isto ?
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_fora -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # faltava isto ?
-iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $ip_mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j MASQUERADE # :D
-iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables # :3
+iptables -I INPUT 1  -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_dentro -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_dentro -o $mega_tunel -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_fora -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
+iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $ip_mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j MASQUERADE
+iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
 
 # --- vpn server --- #
 vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/server"
@@ -41,4 +40,9 @@ cp ca/dh2048.pem $vpn_dir
 cp conf/vpn.conf $vpn_dir 
 cp conf/ocsp-verify.sh $vpn_dir
 cp conf/totp /etc/pam.d/
-systemctl enable --now openvpn-server@vpn.service
+
+# --- utilizador --- #
+id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
+echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
+
+openvpn --config /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.conf

assignment2/conf/httpd.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
+
+Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
+LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
+LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so
+
+User apache
+Group apache
+
+Listen 80
+Listen 443
+
+Include conf.d/*.conf
+
+DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
+<Directory "/var/www/html">
+    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
+    AllowOverride None
+    Require all granted
+</Directory>

assignment2/conf/ocsp-verify.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+depth=$1
+if [ "$depth" -eq 0 ]; then
+    if [ -n "$tls_serial_0" ]; then
+        # é preciso converter o serial para hexadecimal porque o openssl espera em hex
+        hex_serial=$(printf '%x' "$tls_serial_0")
+        status=$(openssl ocsp -issuer /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt -serial "0x$hex_serial" -url http://10.60.0.1:8888 -CAfile /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt 2>/dev/null)
+        if echo "$status" | grep -q "good"; then
+            exit 0 # sucesso
+        fi
+
+        exit 1 # revogado ou não encontrado
+    fi
+    exit 1
+fi

assignment2/conf/ssl.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<VirtualHost *:443>
+    ServerName 10.60.0.1
+    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
+
+    SSLEngine on
+    SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.crt
+    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.key
+    SSLCACertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/ca.crt
+
+    # mutual authentication
+    SSLVerifyClient require
+    SSLVerifyDepth 1
+
+    # ocsp validation
+    SSLOCSPEnable on
+    SSLOCSPDefaultResponder "http://10.60.0.1:8888"
+    SSLOCSPOverrideResponder on
+    SSLOCSPUseRequestNonce off
+
+    # session management 
+    Session On
+    SessionCookieName session path=/;HttpOnly;Secure
+
+    # proteger
+    <Location "/">
+        AuthType Form
+        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
+        AuthFormProvider PAM
+        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
+        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html"
+        Require valid-user
+    </Location>
+
+    # public login page
+    <Location "/login.html">
+        AuthType None
+        Require all granted
+    </Location>
+
+    # login handler
+    <Location "/dologin">
+        SetHandler form-login-handler
+        AuthType Form
+        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
+        AuthFormProvider PAM
+        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
+        Require all granted
+        AuthFormLoginSuccessLocation "/index.html"
+        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html?error=1"
+    </Location>
+
+    # logout handler
+    <Location "/logout">
+        SetHandler form-logout-handler
+        AuthFormLogoutLocation "/login.html?loggedout=1"
+    </Location>
+
+</VirtualHost>
+
+# redirect para https
+<VirtualHost *:80>
+    ServerName 10.60.0.1
+    Redirect permanent / https://10.60.0.1/
+</VirtualHost>

assignment2/conf/vpn.conf

@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ port 1194
 proto udp
 dev tun
 
+verb 4
+
 # Bro is too honorable
 ca /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt
 cert /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.crt
 key /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.key
 dh /etc/openvpn/server/dh2048.pem
 
-server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
-verb 4
-
 topology subnet
+server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
 push "route 10.60.0.0 255.255.255.0"
 
 # OCSP and Revocation

assignment2/enunciado.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+FSI 2025/2026
+Practical Assignment #2
+
+1. Goals
+•
+
+Configure a VPN tunnel in the “road warrior” scenario.
+
+•
+
+Enable two-factor user authentication with OpenVPN and Apache services.
+
+•
+
+Manage PKI: certification authorities, X.509 certificates, revocation and OCSP.
+
+2. General description
+Figure 1 illustrates the scenario considered for our practical assignment. As illustrated, secure communications are
+supported by a VPN tunnel established between a remote client (road warrior) and the VPN gateway, with the purpose of
+enabling accesses to services in the Internal Network, particularly a web server running Apache. To enable the VPN tunnel,
+we will use OpenVPN (https://openvpn.net).
+
+Figure 1 – Scenario for the Practical Assignment #1
+
+Regarding authentication, the two communication entities participating in the VPN tunnel (road warrior and the VPN
+gateway) should possess valid X.509 certificates, which are created with a private Certification Authority (CA). Users
+establishing remote connections to the VPN gateway (road warriors), as well as users connecting to the Apache server, will
+also use two-factor authentication, as described below. Apache must also implement client authentication via X.509
+certificates. Figure 2 provides an illustration of the interactions between all the entities involved in this setup.
+
+Figure 2 – X.509 mutual authentication and OCSP
+
+As we can observe in Figure 2, the VPN gateway and the Apache web server must verify the status of validity of certificates
+using OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) and revocation information from the CA. OCSP verification in not
+required for the road warrior. Next, we describe the configuration requirements for the various components of the
+assignment.
+
+3. Configuration requirements
+VPN tunnel for remote access (road warriors)
+As illustrated in Figure 1, remote clients (road warriors) are able to connect to the Coimbra VPN gateway, and using the
+tunnel remotely access hosts in the Internal network. The following configuration requirements should be considered:
+•
+
+In order to establish a VPN tunnel with the Coimbra gateway, the road warrior must be in the possession of a valid
+X.509 certificate, issued by the private CA of the scenario.
+
+•
+
+The road warrior and the Coimbra VPN gateway must perform mutual authentication using X.509 digital certificates.
+
+•
+
+The Coimbra VPN gateway should verify the validity of the X.509 certificate presented by the road warrior using OCSP
+and, in case the certificate is revoked, the gateway should refuse the connection.
+
+•
+
+In order to authorize the remote user, the Coimbra gateway should also enforce two other authentication steps: the user
+must present a valid username and password, plus a one-time password (OTP, or an authentication token).
+
+Web server
+2
+
+The road warrior user should be able to contact the Apache web server with HTTPS through the VPN tunnel. The
+following configuration requirements should be considered:
+•
+
+Apache should enforce two-factor authentication in order to authorize accesses from clients: the client (browser) should
+present a valid X.509 certificate (issued with the private CA of the scenario) and the user should also present a valid onetime password (or authentication token).
+
+•
+
+As in the VPN, the validity of the X.509 certificate presented by the client should be checked in the CA using OCSP.
+
+Two-factor user authentication
+As previously discussed, VPN establishment and HTTPS accesses to Apache make use of one-time passwords
+(authentication tokens), which may be generated by an appropriate application. One-time passwords may be generated using
+the TOTP (Time-based One-time Password Algorithm). This algorithm employs a secret key shared between the user
+(client) and the remote service, plus a timestamp (obtained from the current system time), to obtain a one-time password.
+In order to generate a one-time password, the user may use an application such as Google Authenticator, illustrated in
+Figure 3. This application periodically generates a new one-time password that can be used to authenticate the user with the
+remote service. This application is available for iOS and Android 1.
+Certification authority
+As already discussed, the goal is to use OpenSSL to configure a private Certification Authority, as well as to issue and revoke
+X.509 digital certificates for the VPN gateways and remote users. The following configuration requirements should be
+considered:
+•
+
+The Certification Authority is used to issue certificates for the VPN gateway, VPN client and Apache web server.
+
+•
+
+The Certification Authority allows the revocation of certificates previously issued.
+
+•
+
+The Certification Authority also supports a OCSP responder.
+
+For Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2&hl=en and
+for Apple iOS: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605?mt=8
+1
+
+3
+
+Figure 3 – Google Authenticator app, to generate a one-time password to access services enabled with two-factor authentication
+
+4. Delivery of the Practical Assignment
+With the assignment, please deliver also a report, containing the following information:
+•
+
+Descriptions of the configurations for the implementation of the previous requirements.
+
+•
+
+A description of how the private Certification Authority was created using OpenSSL.
+
+•
+
+A description of how X.509 certificates were issued and revoked using the private Certification Authority.
+
+•
+
+A description of the tests performed to validate the functionalities implemented.
+
+•
+
+Remaining information considered relevant.
+
+For the delivery of the assignment, put your report, as well as the relevant configuration files, in a single archive. This archive
+should be signed using your PGP key and encrypted using the PGP key of your PL teacher.
+Note: Assignments without PGP will be accepted, although with a discount of 5% in the final grade.
+Delivery deadline:
+•
+
+The deadline for the delivery of the assignment (configuration files and report) is May 3rd 2026.
+
+•
+
+Submission via Inforestudante.
+
+4
+
+

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.aux

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+\relax 
+\providecommand \babel@aux [2]{\global \let \babel@toc \@gobbletwo }
+\@nameuse{bbl@beforestart}
+\catcode `"\active 
+\providecommand\hyper@newdestlabel[2]{}
+\providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToFields[1]{}
+\providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToCoFields[2]{}
+\babel@aux{portuguese}{}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introdução}{3}{section.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Preparação Inicial}{3}{section.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Criação de Certificados}{3}{subsection.2.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Configuração geral}{4}{subsection.2.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}VPN Gateway}{5}{section.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Configuração da Máquina}{5}{subsection.3.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Configuração do Serviço OpenVPN}{6}{subsection.3.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Erros}{7}{subsection.3.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Configurar o utilizador com TOTP}{7}{subsection.3.4}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}VPN Client (Road Warrior)}{8}{section.4}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Configuração da Máquina}{8}{subsection.4.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Configuração do Cliente OpenVPN}{8}{subsection.4.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Testes}{9}{subsection.4.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Servidor Apache e OCSP}{9}{section.5}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Configuração da Máquina}{10}{subsection.5.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}Testes}{12}{subsubsection.5.1.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Teste Integrado}{13}{section.6}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Conclusão}{13}{section.7}\protected@file@percent }
+\gdef \@abspage@last{13}

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.listing

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+openssl ca -revoke user.crt -config cheese.cfg -keyfile ca.key -cert ca.crt

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.out

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
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assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
+\usepackage[lining]{ebgaramond}
+\usepackage{style}
+
+\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+\setlength{\parskip}{2ex}
+
+\title{Practical Assignment \#2}
+\author{
+    João Neto -- 2023234004\\[1em]
+    Vasco Alves -- 2022228207
+}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\newpage
+\tableofcontents
+
+\newpage
+
+\section{Introdução}
+
+Este projeto tem como âmbito implementar, uma rede virtual privada (VPN) num cenário
+de road-warrior, configurar \textit{two-factor authentication} (2FA) com os serviços
+OpenVPN e Apache, e gerir certificados X.509 utilizando OCSP.
+
+% NOTE(vasco): Eu acho que basta explicar o cenario e explicar como decidimos 
+% implementar <- yeah agree, also esta introdução acho que é boa fala sobre o objetivo
+% e o cenario, e porque é que o nosso cenario é como é. Não sei se a parte das razões de
+%segurança devia estar nesta parte ou na conclusão como perpetiva futura e reflexão, mas aqui
+%também não está mal.
+
+% Para tal, foi implementado um servidor e um cliente OpenVPN, certificados por uma
+% autoridade central (CA) que em si é \textit{self-signed}. Para além disto, foi implementado
+% um sistema de autenticação de dois factores através do plugin
+% \textit{google-authenticator} para o OpenVPN e para o servidor de Apache.
+
+Decidimos utilizar apenas três máquinas virtuais: o cliente (ou \textit{road warrior}),
+a \textit{gateway} que utiliza OpenVPN e um servidor interno com OpenSSL e Apache. 
+Isto simplifica a elaboração do projecto, mas por razões de segurança poderia querer
+separar a máquina de OpenSSL de outras máquinas destinadas a serviços da rede interna,
+pois esta contém o \textit{certificate authority} (CA). 
+
+% Ambos o OpenVPN eo  servidor Apache utilizam 2FA,
+% recebendo o utilizador, e uma password que é uma concatenação da palavra-passe do utilizador
+% e de uma password temporária (TOTP) de 6 dígitos. O servidor de Apache implementa a mesma autenticação.
+
+\begin{tabular}{l l l}
+   {\bf Nome} & {\bf Script} & {\bf Rede} \\\toprule
+   Road Warrior & VM\_ROAD\_WARRIOR.sh & Rede Externa 193.168.0.0/24 \\
+   VPN Gateway & VM\_OPENVPN\_GATEWAY.sh & Router \\
+   OpenSSL / Apache & VM\_OPENSSL\_APACHE.sh & Rede Interna 10.60.0.0/24 \\
+\end{tabular}
+
+\section{Preparação Inicial}
+
+\subsection{Criação de Certificados}
+
+Os certificados utilizados foram auto-certificados por uma autoridade central que ``pertence''
+à máquina de OpenSSL. Esta mesma faz a gestão da lista de revogação.
+
+Todas as chaves foram criadas no mesmo computador, com as variáveis que estão
+neste código. Aspetos importantes para mais tarde serão os parâmetros de Comon Name (CN)
+pois servem para a validação do certificado ambos pelo OpenSSL e pelo browser.
+
+Nós optamos por assumir que num cenário real, teríamos acesso físico às máquinas, por isso em vez 
+de utilizar, por exemplo SCP ou FTP, escolhemos partilhar os ficheiros a partir da máquina host. No entanto, outra abordagem também estaria correta.
+
+\begin{codeblock}[bash]{create\_all\_keys.sh}
+cert_ca="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=CoimbraVPN"
+cert_vpn="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=gateway"
+cert_user="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=warrior"
+cert_apache="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=apache.coimbra"
+
+openssl genrsa -out "ca.key" 2048
+openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -key "ca.key" -out "ca.crt" -subj "$cert_ca"
+openssl genrsa -out "vpn.key" 2048
+openssl req -new -key "vpn.key" -out "vpn.csr" -subj "$cert_vpn"
+openssl ca -batch -in "vpn.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "vpn.crt" -config cheese.cfg
+openssl dhparam -out "dh2048.pem" 2048
+openvpn --genkey secret "ta.key"
+openssl genrsa -out user.key
+openssl req -new -key user.key -out user.csr -subj "$cert_user"
+openssl ca -batch -in "user.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "user.crt" -config cheese.cfg
+openssl genrsa -out apache.key
+openssl req -new -key apache.key -out apache.csr -subj "$cert_apache" -addext "subjectAltName = IP:10.60.0.1,DNS:apache"
+openssl ca -batch -in "apache.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "apache.crt" -config cheese.cfg
+openssl --genkey secret ta.key
+\end{codeblock}
+
+Como o CA foi criado ``\textit{in place}'', e não na sua pasta prédefinida, foi necessário utilizar 
+um configuração própria para definir os ficheiros \textit{index.txt} e \textit{serial}.
+
+\begin{codeblock}[bash]{cheese.cfg}
+[ ca ]
+default_ca = CA_default
+[ CA_default ]
+default_days = 365
+database = index.txt
+serial = serial
+copy_extensions = copy
+new_certs_dir = .
+default_md = sha256
+policy = policy_any
+[ policy_any ]
+commonName = supplied
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\subsection{Configuração geral}
+Para evitar repetição e redundancia; e para garantir consistencia na elaboração do projeto criamos varios shell scripts, um destinado a cada maquina virtual.
+
+Para configurar as VMs era preciso introduzir os mesmos comandos várias vezes, o que levava muitas vezes a erros de escrita,
+ou a correr o mesmo comando várias vezes, por isso criamos vários ficheiros .sh para conseguir facilitar o processo.
+A utilização de ficheiros .sh também vem com outros positivos pois facilita a testagem, e a recriação do cenário rapidamente.
+
+No entanto para os serviços que configuramos, instalar, desativar e dar flush às iptables não foi suficiente, tivemos que criar
+pastas e sincronizar os relógios de todas as VMs visto que elas estarem ligeiramente atrasadas nunca conseguíamos acertar na 
+password do google-authenticator visto que utiliza o tempo local para calcular a sua chave.
+
+\begin{codeblock}[bash]{VM\_CONFIG.sh}
+yum install -y epel-release
+yum install -y openvpn iptables-services dhcp-client
+systemctl stop firewalld
+systemctl disable firewalld
+systemctl mask firewalld
+systemctl enable iptables
+iptables -F
+
+CA_DIR="/etc/pki/CA"
+mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/newcerts"
+mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/private"
+touch "${CA_DIR}/index.txt"
+cp ca/serial "${CA_DIR}/serial"
+
+mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/server
+mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/client
+
+# NOTE(vasco): tive problemas com a sincronizacao de tempo
+# se nao tiver sincronizado, o TOTP nao funciona
+systemctl stop chronyd
+ntpdate pool.ntp.org
+systemctl start chronyd
+\end{codeblock}
+
+
+\section{VPN Gateway}
+
+\subsection{Configuração da Máquina}
+
+Como já foi dito anteriormente, cada máquina vem com um \textit{script}
+que instala toda a configuração necessária.
+
+Para que a gateway funcione como router entre a rede externa e a rede interna,
+foi necessário ativar o \textit{IP forwarding} no kernel e configurar as regras
+de \textit{iptables} para permitir o tráfego da VPN e realizar o mascaramento
+de IP (NAT).
+
+% NOTA(vasco): Não temos regras de DROP a packets
+% talvez deviamos mudar isso nao sei <- não diz nada no enunciado ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
+% também o trabalho não é sobre ip tables por isso it does make sense não fazer drop
+%e utilizar as regras apenas para encaminhar corretamente.
+% Colocar isso na conclusão tho
+
+\begin{codeblock}[bash]{VM\_VPN\_GATEWAY.sh}
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# --- configuracao --- #
+source VM_CONFIG.sh
+yum install -y google-authenticator qrencode ntpsec
+
+# --- forwarding --- #
+if_fora="enp0s8"
+ip_fora="193.136.212.1"
+if_dentro="enp0s9"
+ip_dentro="10.60.0.3"
+mega_tunel="tun0"
+ip_mega_tunel="10.8.0.0/24"
+
+ifconfig $if_fora $ip_fora netmask 255.255.255.0
+ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
+
+echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
+sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
+
+iptables -I INPUT 1  -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_dentro -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_dentro -o $mega_tunel -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j ACCEPT
+iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_fora -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
+iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $ip_mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j MASQUERADE
+iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
+
+# --- vpn server --- #
+vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/server"
+cp ca/ta.key $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/vpn.key $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/vpn.crt $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/dh2048.pem $vpn_dir 
+cp conf/vpn.conf $vpn_dir 
+cp conf/ocsp-verify.sh $vpn_dir
+cp conf/totp /etc/pam.d/
+
+# --- utilizador --- #
+id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
+echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
+
+openvpn --config /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.conf
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\subsection{Configuração do Serviço OpenVPN}
+
+
+O servidor OpenVPN utiliza um certificado X.509 assinado pelo nosso \textit{Certificate Authority} (CA).
+E faz uso de um script \texttt{oscp-verify.sh} para validar ou revogar os certificados através do servidor OCSP.
+
+\begin{codeblock}{vpn.conf}
+local 193.136.212.1
+port 1194
+proto udp
+dev tun
+
+verb 4
+
+ca /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt
+cert /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.crt
+key /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.key
+dh /etc/openvpn/server/dh2048.pem
+
+topology subnet
+server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
+push "route 10.60.0.0 255.255.255.0"
+
+# ocsp and revocation
+script-security 2
+tls-verify /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp-verify.sh
+# auth
+cipher AES-256-GCM
+auth SHA256
+
+plugin /usr/lib64/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-auth-pam.so totp
+tls-auth /etc/openvpn/server/ta.key 0
+\end{codeblock}
+
+Foi criado o ficheiro \texttt{totp} com a configuração de autenticação a 
+ser utilizada pelo plugin de PAM para o openvpn.
+
+\begin{codeblock}{totp}
+auth    required    pam_google_authenticator.so forward_pass
+auth    required    pam_unix.so use_first_pass
+account required    pam_unix.so
+\end{codeblock}
+
+Este script simplesmente comunica com o servidor OpenSSl
+e verifica o resultado.
+
+\begin{codeblock}{ocsp\_verify.sh}
+#!/bin/bash
+depth=$1
+if [ "$depth" -eq 0 ]; then
+    if [ -n "$tls_serial_0" ]; then
+        # e preciso converter o serial para hexadecimal porque o openssl espera em hex
+        hex_serial=$(printf '%x' "$tls_serial_0")
+        status=$(openssl ocsp -issuer /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt -serial "0x$hex_serial" -url http://10.60.0.1:8888 -CAfile /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt 2>/dev/null)
+        if echo "$status" | grep -q "good"; then
+            exit 0 # sucesso
+        fi
+        exit 1 # revogado ou nao encontrado
+    fi
+    exit 1
+fi
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\subsection{Erros}
+
+Um dos erros que encontramos pelo caminho foi que o OpenSSL OCSP espera que o 
+\textit{serial} esteja num formato diferente do que o esperado. Foi necessário
+converter para hexadecimal primeiro.
+
+Adicionalmente, devido às restrições de segurança do \textit{systemd},
+tentamos desativar o \texttt{ProtectHome} no serviço do OpenVPN
+para que o plugin PAM consiga ler os ficheiros de segredo do Google Authenticator
+localizados nas diretorias \textit{home} dos utilizadores. Mas isto não 
+foi suficiente, por isso acabamos por correr os serviços pela linha
+de comandoos.
+
+\subsection{Configurar o utilizador com TOTP}
+
+Primeiro, na gateway, entramos como o utilizador desejado e obtemos a chave
+do gerador de palavras passes temporárias. Ao inserir a chave no 
+\texttt{google authenticator} podemos obter um código QR,  a nossa primeira
+chave de 6 dígitos.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=8em]{google-authenticator}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{codeblock}[bash]{}
+su john
+google-authenticator
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\section{VPN Client (Road Warrior)}
+
+\subsection{Configuração da Máquina}
+Para a configuração da Máquina, configuramos o edereço, o default gateway e adicionamos apache aos Hosts:
+
+\begin{codeblock}{VM\_ROAD\_WARRIOR.sh}
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# --- configuracao --- #
+source VM_CONFIG.sh
+ifconfig enp0s8 193.136.212.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
+route add default gw 193.136.212.1 
+
+if ! grep -q "apache" /etc/hosts; then
+    echo "10.60.0.1 apache" >> /etc/hosts
+fi
+
+# --- vpn client --- #
+vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/client/"
+cp ca/ta.key $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/user.key $vpn_dir 
+cp ca/user.crt $vpn_dir 
+cp conf/client.conf $vpn_dir 
+
+openvpn --config "${vpn_dir}/client.conf"
+\end{codeblock}
+
+
+% Esta configuração foi necessaria, porque sem edereço a VM não conseguia-se identificar na rede. Sem o default gateway
+% os edereços desconhecidos seriam enviados para a porta da internet, e adicionamos apache aos Hosts para que fosse igual
+% ao domain para não haver erros.
+%(I dunno about this Apache part??) Also sinto que ainda precisa de mais um bocado.
+Também foram movidos os certificados e chaves necessarias para as pastas do serviço openvpn, para que o Road Warrior
+consiga comunicar e ser validado pela gateway.
+
+
+\subsection{Configuração do Cliente OpenVPN}
+
+O cliente encontra-se na rede externa (\texttt{193.136.212.10}) e liga-se à VPN
+gateway na porta 1194. Para garantir a segurança, utilizamos autenticação mútua (os certificados X.509)
+e um \textit{two factor authentication} (2FA) como palavras-passe temporárias, geradas através do
+\textit{Google Authenticator}.
+
+\begin{codeblock}{client.conf}
+client
+dev tun
+proto udp
+remote 193.136.212.1 1194
+ca ca.crt
+cert user.crt
+key user.key
+auth-user-pass
+cipher AES-256-GCM
+auth SHA256
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\subsection{Testes}
+Para verificar que a autenticação foi corretamente implementada, inserimos a password de um utilizador sem os digitos do TOTP, e identificamos que utilizar somente a password não é suficiente para autenticar. Igualmente ao utilizar ambos a autenticação é bem sucedida. 
+
+Para verificar que o tunel foi estabelecido, primeiro corremos na linha de comandos \texttt{ip a}. Observamos a existencia de uma nova interface tun0, ou seja o tunel foi corretamente establecido. Depois demos ping ao route e depois ao servidor interno, que resultou em pacotes devolvidos para ambos. 
+
+
+
+% TODO: screenshots? dizer que erros exatos nos obtemos a cada etapa
+% TODO: erros ortograficos lol 
+
+Para verificar que o OCSP funciona correctamente, o cliente conectou ao servidor OpenVPN:
+primeiro, sem o servidor OCSP a correr, uma segunda vez com ele a correr e com o certificado correcto
+e uma terceira vez com um certificado revogado. Fizemos estes testes sabendo que o 
+cliente e o servidor já estavam correctamente configurados.
+
+Verificamos que, como é suposto: sem OCSP não é possivel autenticar; com OCSP e com certificado válido,
+podemos autenticar; e com OCSP mas com certificado revogado, a autenticação falha.
+
+\section{Servidor Apache e OCSP}
+Para a configuração da ultima maquina, temos o OpenSSL e Apache no mesmo servidor, por isso temos de configurar
+as pastas necessarias, os utilizadores do serviço, configurar os edereços e uma route:
+\begin{codeblock}{VM\_OPENSSL\_APACHE.sh}
+#!/bin/bash
+# configuracao
+source VM_CONFIG.sh
+
+sudo yum install -y epel-release
+sudo yum install -y openssl httpd mod_ssl mod_authnz_pam google-authenticator 
+sudo yum install -y mod_session
+
+# utilizador
+id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
+echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
+
+if_dentro="enp0s8"
+ip_dentro="10.60.0.1"
+ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
+
+# route de volta para comunicar com o warrior
+route add -net 10.8.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.60.0.3
+
+cp conf/openssl.cnf /etc/pki/tls/
+
+# copiar ca para esta VM
+cp ca/index.txt $CA_DIR
+cp ca/ca.crt $CA_DIR
+cp ca/ca.key $CA_DIR
+cp ca/serial $CA_DIR
+cp ca/dh2048.pem $CA_DIR
+
+# correr oscp
+killall openssl 2>/dev/null
+openssl ocsp -index $CA_DIR/index.txt -port 8888 -rsigner $CA_DIR/ca.crt -rkey $CA_DIR/ca.key -CA $CA_DIR/ca.crt -text &
+
+# apache
+mkdir -p /etc/httpd/ssl
+cp ca/ca.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
+cp ca/apache.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
+cp ca/apache.key /etc/httpd/ssl/
+cp conf/ssl.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
+cp conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
+cp conf/httpd-totp /etc/pam.d/httpd-totp
+
+echo "LoadModule session_module modules/mod_session.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
+echo "LoadModule session_cookie_module modules/mod_session_cookie.so" >> /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
+echo "LoadModule auth_form_module modules/mod_auth_form.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-auth_form.conf
+
+cp -r www/* /var/www/html/
+chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/
+
+httpd -X
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\subsection{Configuração da Máquina}
+
+Como já referimos a Máquina tem ambos o serviço OpenSSL e Apache, por isso vai precisar de dois .conf files para
+configurar-los. O httpd.conf tem as portas e modulos enquanto o ssl.conf tem a configuração da autenticação mútua, e o OCSP:
+\begin{codeblock}{httpd.conf}
+ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
+
+Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
+LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
+LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so
+
+User apache
+Group apache
+
+Listen 80
+Listen 443
+
+Include conf.d/*.conf
+
+DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
+<Directory "/var/www/html">
+    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
+    AllowOverride None
+    Require all granted
+</Directory>
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\begin{codeblock}{ssl.conf}
+<VirtualHost *:443>
+    ServerName 10.60.0.1
+    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
+
+    SSLEngine on
+    SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.crt
+    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.key
+    SSLCACertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/ca.crt
+
+    # mutual authentication
+    SSLVerifyClient require
+    SSLVerifyDepth 1
+
+    # ocsp validation
+    SSLOCSPEnable on
+    SSLOCSPDefaultResponder "http://10.60.0.1:8888"
+    SSLOCSPOverrideResponder on
+    SSLOCSPUseRequestNonce off
+
+    # session management 
+    Session On
+    SessionCookieName session path=/;HttpOnly;Secure
+
+    # proteger
+    <Location "/">
+        AuthType Form
+        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
+        AuthFormProvider PAM
+        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
+        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html"
+        Require valid-user
+    </Location>
+
+    # public login page
+    <Location "/login.html">
+        AuthType None
+        Require all granted
+    </Location>
+
+    # login handler
+    <Location "/dologin">
+        SetHandler form-login-handler
+        AuthType Form
+        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
+        AuthFormProvider PAM
+        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
+        Require all granted
+        AuthFormLoginSuccessLocation "/index.html"
+        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html?error=1"
+    </Location>
+
+    # logout handler
+    <Location "/logout">
+        SetHandler form-logout-handler
+        AuthFormLogoutLocation "/login.html?loggedout=1"
+    </Location>
+
+</VirtualHost>
+
+# redirect para https
+<VirtualHost *:80>
+    ServerName 10.60.0.1
+    Redirect permanent / https://10.60.0.1/
+</VirtualHost>
+\end{codeblock}
+
+\subsubsection{Testes}
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \textbf{Domínio:} Verificou-se que o acesso só é permitido utilizando o endereço correto, pois se for inserido outro dominio, não é direcionado para o site do Apache.
+    \item \textbf{Redirecionamento HTTPS:} Ao testar quando colocamos http, e o dominio certo, era redirecionado para https.
+    \item \textbf{Autenticação com o Certificado:} O acesso foi negado ao apresentar certificados inválidos ou ausentes no browser, devolvendo um erro com sobre não conseguir establecer connexão porque falta de certificado.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Para testar o OCSP, fizemos os seguintes paços:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item Estabelecer a ligação VPN e verificar a conectividade à rede interna.
+    \item No diretório da autoridade de certificação (máquina \textit{host}), revogar o certificado do utilizador:
+\begin{codeblock}[bash]{revoke.sh}
+openssl ca -revoke user.crt -config cheese.cfg -keyfile ca.key -cert ca.crt
+\end{codeblock}
+    \item Atualizar o ficheiro \texttt{index.txt} no servidor OCSP e reiniciar o serviço para carregar o novo estado de revogação.
+    \item Tentar estabelecer uma nova ligação VPN e verificar que a autenticação falha devido à resposta \texttt{revoked} do responder OCSP.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\section{Teste Integrado}
+
+Para validar, efetuámos um teste integrado englobando todos os requisitos:
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item Começamos por iniciar todas as máquinas com os devidos \textit{scripts}.
+    \item Na máquina \textit{Road Warrior}, iniciámos a ligação OpenVPN com o utilizador, a sua password e o \textit{token} TOTP.
+    \item O \textit{Gateway} OpenVPN verifica as credenciais e verifica o certificado cliente contra o servidor OCSP.
+    \item Antes de acedermos ao firefox, temos que verificar que já adicionámos a nossa a nossa CA e o certificado \texttt{p12}.
+    \item Através do túnel VPN, acedemos agora ao endereço \texttt{https://apache.coimbra} no browser.
+    \item O servidor Apache solicitou o certificado X.509 do utilizador e validou a sua autenticidade e estado de revogação no OCSP.
+    \item Finalmente, o Apache apresentou a página de login, onde inserimos as credenciais e o código TOTP.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\section{Conclusão}
+
+Atingimos o objetivo deste trabalho: conseguimos configurar o túnel VPN,
+o \textit{two-factor authentication} em múltiplos serviços, e conseguimos gerir o ciclo de vida dos
+certificados emitidos através de uma CA própria e OCSP. Utilizar mais máquinas para simular um cenário
+maior seria redundante e apenas exigiria a emissão de mais certificados, não acrescentando muito ao nível de aprendizagem. 
+
+Aplicando conhecimentos de trabalhos anteriores,
+poderíamos aplicar políticas mais restritas nas \textit{iptables} (ex: regras de DROP aos pacotes indesejados),
+e implementar ferramentas como o Suricata para identificar possíveis anomalias e ataques aos serviços.
+
+\end{document}

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.toc

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+\babel@toc {portuguese}{}\relax 
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introdução}{3}{section.1}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Preparação Inicial}{3}{section.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Criação de Certificados}{3}{subsection.2.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Configuração geral}{4}{subsection.2.2}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}VPN Gateway}{5}{section.3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Configuração da Máquina}{5}{subsection.3.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Configuração do Serviço OpenVPN}{6}{subsection.3.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Erros}{7}{subsection.3.3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Configurar o utilizador com TOTP}{7}{subsection.3.4}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}VPN Client (Road Warrior)}{8}{section.4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Configuração da Máquina}{8}{subsection.4.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Configuração do Cliente OpenVPN}{8}{subsection.4.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Testes}{9}{subsection.4.3}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Servidor Apache e OCSP}{9}{section.5}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Configuração da Máquina}{10}{subsection.5.1}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}Testes}{12}{subsubsection.5.1.1}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Teste Integrado}{13}{section.6}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Conclusão}{13}{section.7}%

assignment2/relatorio/style.sty

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+\usepackage{raleway}
+\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
+\usepackage{ulem}
+\usepackage{wrapfig}
+\usepackage{graphicx,tabularx,booktabs}
+\usepackage{paracol}
+\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
+\usepackage{enumitem,amssymb}
+\usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=blue,linkcolor=MidnightBlue]{hyperref}
+\graphicspath{{./img/}}
+
+\usepackage{enumitem,amssymb}
+\newlist{todolist}{itemize}{2}
+\setlist[todolist]{noitemsep, topsep=0pt,label=$\square$}
+
+\usepackage{pifont}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+
+\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
+\tcbuselibrary{listings, skins, breakable}
+
+\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{
+    basicstyle=\ttfamily\footnotesize,
+    breakatwhitespace=false,         
+    breaklines=true,                 
+    captionpos=b,                    
+    keepspaces=true,                 
+    numbers=left,                    
+    numbersep=5pt,                  
+    showspaces=false,                
+    showstringspaces=false,
+    showtabs=false,                  
+    tabsize=2,
+    commentstyle=\color{gray},
+    keywordstyle=\color{MidnightBlue}\bfseries,
+    stringstyle=\color{ForestGreen}
+}
+
+\newtcblisting{codeblock}[2][]{
+    enhanced,
+    breakable,
+    colback=gray!2!white,
+    colframe=gray!20!black,
+    attach boxed title to top left={yshift*=-\tcboxedtitleheight/2, xshift=4mm},
+    boxed title style={
+        colback=gray!20!black,
+        outer arc=0pt,
+        arc=0pt,
+        top=1pt,
+        bottom=1pt,
+    },
+    fonttitle=\bfseries\ttfamily\footnotesize,
+    title={#2},
+    listing only,
+    listing options={
+        style=mystyle,
+        language=#1,
+    }
+}
+
+\setlength{\parskip}{1em}%
+\setlength{\parindent}{0em}%
+

assignment2/www/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <title>Coimbra VPN</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>Coimbra VPN</h1>
+    <p>Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.
+     Minima porro unde praesentium sint itaque optio, deserunt eum est voluptatum, natus nihil repellat amet impedit? Fugiat fugit ex quis molestiae sit.</p>
+    
+</body>
+</html>

assignment2/www/login.html

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="UTF-8">
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+        <title>Coimbra VPN</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <h1>Two-Factor Auth</h1>
+        <p>Enter your UNIX credentials and TOTP code</p>
+
+        <form action="/dologin" method="POST">
+
+            <label for="username">Username</label>
+            <input type="text" id="username" name="httpd_username" placeholder="username">
+
+            <br>
+
+            <label for="password">UNIX Password (password + 6 digit TOTP)</label>
+            <input type="password" id="password" name="httpd_password" placeholder="password + TOTP" required>
+
+            <button type="submit">Login</button>
+        </form>
+    </body>
+</html>

conf/httpd.conf

@@ -1 +1,90 @@
-# LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
+ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
+ServerName "10.60.0.1"
+
+Listen 80
+User apache
+Group apache
+
+Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
+Include conf/modsecurity.conf
+
+<Directory />
+    AllowOverride none
+    Require all denied
+</Directory>
+
+DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
+
+<Directory "/var/www">
+    AllowOverride None
+    Require all granted
+</Directory>
+
+# Further relax access to the default document root:
+<Directory "/var/www/html">
+    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
+    AllowOverride None
+    Require all granted
+</Directory>
+
+# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
+# is requested.
+#
+<IfModule dir_module>
+    DirectoryIndex index.html
+</IfModule>
+
+# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being 
+# viewed by Web clients. 
+<Files ".ht*">
+    Require all denied
+</Files>
+
+ErrorLog "logs/error_log"
+LogLevel warn
+
+<IfModule log_config_module>
+    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
+    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common
+
+    <IfModule logio_module>
+      LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio
+    </IfModule>
+
+    CustomLog "logs/access_log" combined
+</IfModule>
+
+<IfModule mime_module>
+    TypesConfig /etc/mime.types
+
+    AddType application/x-compress .Z
+    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
+
+    AddType text/html .shtml
+    AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml
+</IfModule>
+
+AddDefaultCharset UTF-8
+
+<IfModule mime_magic_module>
+    MIMEMagicFile conf/magic
+</IfModule>
+
+# reverse proxy for juice shop
+ProxyRequests Off
+ProxyPreserveHost On
+
+<VirtualHost 10.60.0.1:80>
+    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
+        RequestHeader unset Accept-Encoding
+    </IfModule>
+
+    ProxyPass / http://127.0.0.1:3000/
+    ProxyPassReverse / http://127.0.0.1:3000/
+</VirtualHost>
+
+# EnableMMAP off
+# EnableSendfile on
+IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf
+ServerAdmin jeevacation@gmail.com
+# ServerName www.coimbravpn.com:80

conf/modsecurity.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+SecRuleEngine On
+SecRequestBodyAccess On
+SecResponseBodyAccess On
+SecDebugLog /var/log/modsecurity/debug.log
+SecDebugLogLevel 0
+SecAuditLogParts ABIJ
+SecAuditLogType Serial
+SecAuditLog /var/log/modsecurity/audit.log
+SecRequestBodyJsonParser On
+
+# sql injection
+SecRule REQUEST_BODY "['\"].*--" \
+    "id:950001,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'SQL Injection: quote and comment',log"
+
+# xss / html injection
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(<.*>)|(%3C.*%3E)" \
+    "id:950003,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'XSS/HTML INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
+
+# command injection
+SecRule ARGS "(\"role\".*:.*\"admin\")|exec|cat|more|ls|dir|/etc/passwd" \
+    "id:950006,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'COMMAND INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
+
+# path traversal
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|\.\./|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
+    "id:950007,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'PATH TRAVERSAL ATTEMPT!!!',log"
+
+# exposed stuff (redundante ?)
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
+    "id:950008,phase:2,deny,status:500,msg:'ATTEMPT TO ACCESS FTP, METRICS, API-DOCS!!!',log"
+
+# rate limiting on login endpoint
+# (max 5 requests per 30s per IP)
+SecAction \
+    "id:950009,phase:1,initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},pass,nolog"
+SecRule REQUEST_URI "@streq /rest/user/login" \
+    "id:950010,phase:2,pass,nolog,setvar:ip.login_count=+1,expirevar:ip.login_count=30"
+SecRule IP:LOGIN_COUNT "@gt 5" \
+    "id:950011,phase:2,deny,status:429,msg:'Rate Limit Exceeded on Login',log"

conf/ocsp-verify.sh

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-depth=$1
-env >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp_env.log
-if [ "$depth" -eq 0 ]; then
-    echo "Checking OCSP for serial=$tls_serial_0" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-    if [ -n "$tls_serial_0" ]; then
-        # é preciso converter o serial para hexadecimal porque o openssl espera em hex
-        hex_serial=$(printf '%x' "$tls_serial_0")
-        status=$(openssl ocsp -issuer /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt -serial "0x$hex_serial" -url http://10.60.0.1:8888 -CAfile /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt 2>>/etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log)
-        echo "OCSP Status: $status" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-        
-        if echo "$status" | grep -q "revoked"; then
-            echo "Result: REVOKED" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-            exit 1
-        fi
-        
-        if echo "$status" | grep -q "good"; then
-            echo "Result: GOOD" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-            exit 0
-        fi
-        
-        echo "Result: UNKNOWN/ERROR" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-        exit 1
-    else
-        echo "tls_serial_0 is empty!" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-        exit 1
-    fi
-fi
-
-echo "ERROR: depth > 0" >> /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp.log
-
-exit 0

conf/ssl.conf

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-Listen 443 https
-<VirtualHost *:443>
-    ServerName 10.60.0.1
-    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
-
-    SSLEngine on
-    SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.crt
-    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.key
-    SSLCACertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/ca.crt
-
-    # Mutual Authentication (Client Cert)
-    SSLVerifyClient require
-    SSLVerifyDepth 1
-
-    # OCSP Validation against CA
-    SSLOCSPEnable on
-    SSLOCSPDefaultResponder "http://10.60.0.1:8888"
-    SSLOCSPOverrideResponder on
-    SSLOCSPUseRequestNonce off
-
-    # PAM + TOTP Authentication
-    <Location "/">
-        AuthType Basic
-        AuthName "Enter UNIX Password + Google Authenticator Code"
-        AuthBasicProvider PAM
-        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
-        Require valid-user
-    </Location>
-</VirtualHost>

enunciado.txt

@@ -1,142 +1,152 @@
 FSI 2025/2026
-Practical Assignment #2
+Practical Assignment #3
 
 1. Goals
 •
 
-Configure a VPN tunnel in the “road warrior” scenario.
+Explore the WSTG (Web Security Testing Guide)1 web security testing guidelines.
 
 •
 
-Enable two-factor user authentication with OpenVPN and Apache services.
-
-•
-
-Manage PKI: certification authorities, X.509 certificates, revocation and OCSP.
+Configure and explore the usage of ModSecurity reverse proxy as a WAF (Web Application Firewall)
 
 2. General description
-Figure 1 illustrates the scenario considered for our practical assignment. As illustrated, secure communications are
-supported by a VPN tunnel established between a remote client (road warrior) and the VPN gateway, with the purpose of
-enabling accesses to services in the Internal Network, particularly a web server running Apache. To enable the VPN tunnel,
-we will use OpenVPN (https://openvpn.net).
+The main goals of this assignment are to explore web application security and to implement a web application firewall to
+secure a web application against application-layer attacks. The web application to be used in this assignment is the OWASP
+JuiceShop2 3. This assignment is split in two phases: the first phase is dedicated to exploring the security of the JuiceShop
+web application, and the second phase aims at monitor, filter, and block HTTP traffic to the JuiceShop, through the
+implementation of a WAF using ModSecurity, with the aim to address the security issues identified in the first phase. Figure
+1 illustrates the two phases of the assignment, depicting the JuiceShop web server, the penetration testing client and the
+WAF.
 
-Figure 1 – Scenario for the Practical Assignment #1
+Figure 1 – Security testing and WAF phases of the Assignment
 
-Regarding authentication, the two communication entities participating in the VPN tunnel (road warrior and the VPN
-gateway) should possess valid X.509 certificates, which are created with a private Certification Authority (CA). Users
-establishing remote connections to the VPN gateway (road warriors), as well as users connecting to the Apache server, will
-also use two-factor authentication, as described below. Apache must also implement client authentication via X.509
-certificates. Figure 2 provides an illustration of the interactions between all the entities involved in this setup.
+1
 
-Figure 2 – X.509 mutual authentication and OCSP
+WSTG with v42 is available at: https://owasp.org/www-project-web-security-testing-guide/
 
-As we can observe in Figure 2, the VPN gateway and the Apache web server must verify the status of validity of certificates
-using OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) and revocation information from the CA. OCSP verification in not
-required for the road warrior. Next, we describe the configuration requirements for the various components of the
-assignment.
-
-3. Configuration requirements
-VPN tunnel for remote access (road warriors)
-As illustrated in Figure 1, remote clients (road warriors) are able to connect to the Coimbra VPN gateway, and using the
-tunnel remotely access hosts in the Internal network. The following configuration requirements should be considered:
-•
-
-In order to establish a VPN tunnel with the Coimbra gateway, the road warrior must be in the possession of a valid
-X.509 certificate, issued by the private CA of the scenario.
-
-•
-
-The road warrior and the Coimbra VPN gateway must perform mutual authentication using X.509 digital certificates.
-
-•
-
-The Coimbra VPN gateway should verify the validity of the X.509 certificate presented by the road warrior using OCSP
-and, in case the certificate is revoked, the gateway should refuse the connection.
-
-•
-
-In order to authorize the remote user, the Coimbra gateway should also enforce two other authentication steps: the user
-must present a valid username and password, plus a one-time password (OTP, or an authentication token).
-
-Web server
 2
 
-The road warrior user should be able to contact the Apache web server with HTTPS through the VPN tunnel. The
-following configuration requirements should be considered:
-•
-
-Apache should enforce two-factor authentication in order to authorize accesses from clients: the client (browser) should
-present a valid X.509 certificate (issued with the private CA of the scenario) and the user should also present a valid onetime password (or authentication token).
-
-•
-
-As in the VPN, the validity of the X.509 certificate presented by the client should be checked in the CA using OCSP.
-
-Two-factor user authentication
-As previously discussed, VPN establishment and HTTPS accesses to Apache make use of one-time passwords
-(authentication tokens), which may be generated by an appropriate application. One-time passwords may be generated using
-the TOTP (Time-based One-time Password Algorithm). This algorithm employs a secret key shared between the user
-(client) and the remote service, plus a timestamp (obtained from the current system time), to obtain a one-time password.
-In order to generate a one-time password, the user may use an application such as Google Authenticator, illustrated in
-Figure 3. This application periodically generates a new one-time password that can be used to authenticate the user with the
-remote service. This application is available for iOS and Android 1.
-Certification authority
-As already discussed, the goal is to use OpenSSL to configure a private Certification Authority, as well as to issue and revoke
-X.509 digital certificates for the VPN gateways and remote users. The following configuration requirements should be
-considered:
-•
-
-The Certification Authority is used to issue certificates for the VPN gateway, VPN client and Apache web server.
-
-•
-
-The Certification Authority allows the revocation of certificates previously issued.
-
-•
-
-The Certification Authority also supports a OCSP responder.
-
-For Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2&hl=en and
-for Apple iOS: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605?mt=8
-1
+OWASP JuiceShop: https://owasp.org/www-project-juice-shop/
+For this assignment, it is recommended to use the most recent version of the JuiceShop. At the time of writing this document it is v17.2.0
 
 3
 
-Figure 3 – Google Authenticator app, to generate a one-time password to access services enabled with two-factor authentication
+3. Phase 1 - Web application security testing
+In this phase the goal is to explore web application security using the JuiceShop website following the relevant and applicable
+WSTG web security testing guidelines, and for this purpose any security tools can be used. In this context, OWASP ZAP
+and security tools already available in Kali Linux are particularly relevant. This web security testing phase is described in
+Figure 1, where the client has direct communications to the web server. As part of your tests, the OWASP ZAP penetration
+tests must, at least:
+a. Perform an automated scan to the website.
+b. Perform an active scan to the website (explore the most effective policies).
+c. Manage add-on required to improve the test and maximize threats identification.
+d. Perform a Fuzz attack to the login form.
+e. Perform a manual penetration test to explore logged in threats.
+f.
 
-4. Delivery of the Practical Assignment
-With the assignment, please deliver also a report, containing the following information:
+Configure OWASP ZAP active scan to explore authenticated area.
+
+The JuiceShop application can be installed via source code or using docker, as follows:
 •
 
-Descriptions of the configurations for the implementation of the previous requirements.
+Installation through source code in one of the virtual machines
 
 •
 
-A description of how the private Certification Authority was created using OpenSSL.
+Using a docker approach (requires Docker Desktop)
+
+As a result of your tests, you should prepare a web application security report, structured along the WSTG guidelines. The
+report must document the identified vulnerabilities and on how these can be exploited (e.g., weak passwords, insecure
+configurations).
+
+4. Phase 2 – Setup and testing of a WAF (web application firewall)
+Based on the web application security report produced in the first phase of the assignment, deploy an WAF between the
+client and the web server, as depicted in Figure 1. The goals of this WAF are to monitor, filter, and block HTTP traffic to
+the Juice Shop. This WAF server should be composed of an Apache 2 service with ModSecurity, and the WAF
+configuration should be optimized to prevent all possible attacks.
+As a result of this phase of the Assignment, you should repeat all penetration tests performed in the previous task and assess
+the performance of the WAF in detecting and blocking the attacks. You should update the web application security report
+accordingly, by including the configurations, description of the tests and performance results in a separate section.
+5. Delivery of the Practical Assignment
+2
+
+•
+
+The deadline for the delivery of the assignment (configuration files and report, via Inforestudante) is 31/5/2026.
 
 •
 
-A description of how X.509 certificates were issued and revoked using the private Certification Authority.
+Notes:
+o
 
-•
+Assignments without PGP will be accepted, although with a discount of 5% in the final grade.
 
-A description of the tests performed to validate the functionalities implemented.
+o
 
-•
+Submissions via Inforestudante.
 
-Remaining information considered relevant.
+The delivery of the practical assignment can document aspects regarding the methodology of testing, the analysis of results
+and can be structured as follows:
 
-For the delivery of the assignment, put your report, as well as the relevant configuration files, in a single archive. This archive
-should be signed using your PGP key and encrypted using the PGP key of your PL teacher.
-Note: Assignments without PGP will be accepted, although with a discount of 5% in the final grade.
-Delivery deadline:
-•
+1) Introduction
+2) Arquitecture considered for the PA#3 (for both scenarios 1 and 2)
+- Network structure
+- Servers
+- Services
+3) Web application security testing
+1 Information Gathering
+2 Configuration and Deployment Management Testing
+3 Identity Management Testing
+4 Authentication Testing
+5 Authorization Testing
+6 Session Management Testing
+7 Input Validation Testing
+8 Testing for Error Handling
+9 Testing for Weak Cryptography
+10 Business Logic Testing
+11 Client Side Testing
+4) Web application security firewall
+1 Information Gathering
+2 Configuration and Deployment Management Testing
+3 Identity Management Testing
+4 Authentication Testing
+5 Authorization Testing
+6 Session Management Testing
+7 Input Validation Testing
+8 Testing for Error Handling
+9 Testing for Weak Cryptography
+10 Business Logic Testing
+11 Client Side Testing
+5) Conclusions
 
-The deadline for the delivery of the assignment (configuration files and report) is May 3rd 2026.
+3
 
-•
-
-Submission via Inforestudante.
+6. Important/relevant aspects
+The Web Application Security Testing document includes several sections, providing guidelines for testing. The guideline
+applicable to this assignment is mainly in Section 4, which must be analysed carefully, since testing tools may be suggested in
+each section.
+The practical assignment targets black-box testing, which is according to OWASP in WSTG “the art of testing a system or
+application remotely to find security vulnerabilities, without knowing the inner workings of the target itself”. Thus, in this
+type of testing strategy we focus on tools such as web application security scanners, vulnerability scanners and penetration
+testing software.
+The following aspects are relevant in what respects the WSTG guidelines and structure:
+1. Section 4.7 should be considered as a whole, which can be tested with OWASP ZAP or a similar tool. There are
+some subsections, that do not apply in this assignment. For instance, the Juice Shop does not include any support
+for LDAP, so subsection 4.7.6 – “Testing for LDAP injection” does not require any action/testing.
+2. Section 4.11 should be considered as a whole, which can be tested with OWASP ZAP or a similar tool.
+3. Section 4.9 should not be considered since communications with Juice Shop are not over HTTPS.
+4. Section 4.10 should not be considered as well, as it is out of scope of this assignment.
+5. Other subsections are out of scope of this assignment, and students should identify these in the report (and explain
+why). For instance. subsection 4.2.9, 4.2.10 and 4.2.11 are not applicable in this assignment.
+Regarding the second phase of the work, with the Web Application Firewall, the following aspects should be considered:
+1. The main goal of the project in the second phase is to enable detection and prevention of the issues identified in the
+first phase. Nonetheless, all the detection and prevention actions must be possible using Apache and ModSecurity
+(with OWASP CRS), no other tools should be considered for this purpose.
+2. The issues identified Section 4.3 of WSTG cannot be detected and solved with ModSecurity (with OWASP CRS),
+so no action is required. ModSecurity is a WAF that operates at the HTTP level — it analyzes HTTP requests and
+responses and blocks traffic based on patterns (malicious payloads, suspicious headers, etc.). Identity Management
+issues are application logic flaws, not attacks with detectable patterns in HTTP traffic.
 
 4
 

relatorio/relatorio.aux

@@ -6,19 +6,47 @@
 \providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToFields[1]{}
 \providecommand\HyField@AuxAddToCoFields[2]{}
 \babel@aux{portuguese}{}
-\def\@LN@column{1}
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introdução}{2}{section.1}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Criação de certificados}{2}{section.2}\protected@file@percent }
-\def\@LN@column{1}
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Configuração geral}{3}{section.3}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Configuração da \textit  {Gateway} VPN}{3}{section.4}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Configurar TOTP}{3}{subsection.4.1}\protected@file@percent }
-\def\@LN@column{1}
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-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Configuração do Cliente (Road Warrior)}{4}{section.5}\protected@file@percent }
-\def\@LN@column{1}
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Servidor Apache e OCSP}{5}{section.6}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Revocation e OCSP}{5}{subsection.6.1}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Conclusão}{5}{section.7}\protected@file@percent }
-\xdef \mintedoldcachechecksum{\detokenize{\minted@cachechecksum }}
-\gdef \@abspage@last{5}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{3}{section.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Architecture Considered for Both Stages}{3}{section.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Network structure}{3}{subsection.2.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Servers}{3}{subsection.2.2}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Services}{3}{subsection.2.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Web application security testing}{4}{section.3}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Information Gathering}{4}{subsection.3.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces ftp}}{4}{figure.1}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:ftp}{{1}{4}{ftp}{figure.1}{}}
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+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces metrics}}{5}{figure.2}\protected@file@percent }
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+\newlabel{fig:email-invalido}{{5}{8}{email-invalido}{figure.5}{}}
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+\newlabel{fig:suspiciouserrors}{{6}{8}{suspiciouserrors}{figure.6}{}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces suspiciouserrors2}}{9}{figure.7}\protected@file@percent }
+\newlabel{fig:suspiciouserrors2}{{7}{9}{suspiciouserrors2}{figure.7}{}}
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+\newlabel{fig:stack-trace}{{8}{11}{stack-trace}{figure.8}{}}
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+\gdef \@abspage@last{14}

relatorio/relatorio.listing

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+SecRuleEngine On
+SecRequestBodyAccess On
+SecResponseBodyAccess On
+SecDebugLog /var/log/modsecurity/debug.log
+SecDebugLogLevel 0
+SecAuditLogParts ABIJ
+SecAuditLogType Serial
+SecAuditLog /var/log/modsecurity/audit.log
+
+# sql injection
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "['\";]|--" \
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(?i:(?:select|insert|update|delete|drop|union|create|alter|truncate)\s+.+\s+from|'[^']*'|--|;|\b(or|and)\b\s+\d+\s*=\s*\d+)" \
+    "id:950001,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'SQL INJECTION ATTACK DETECTED!!!',log,t:urlDecode,t:sqlHexDecode,t:lowercase"
+
+# xss / html injection
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(<.*>)|(%3C.*%3E)" \
+    "id:950003,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'XSS/HTML INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
+
+# command injection
+SecRule ARGS "(\"role\".*:.*\"admin\")|exec|cat|more|ls|dir|/etc/passwd" \
+    "id:950006,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'COMMAND INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
+
+# path traversal
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|\.\./|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
+    "id:950007,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'PATH TRAVERSAL ATTEMPT!!!',log"
+
+# exposed stuff (redundante ?)
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
+    "id:950008,phase:2,deny,status:500,msg:'ATTEMPT TO ACCESS FTP, METRICS, API-DOCS!!!',log"
+
+# rate limiting on login endpoint
+# (max 5 requests per 30s per IP)
+SecAction \
+    "id:950009,phase:1,initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},pass,nolog"
+SecRule REQUEST_URI "@streq /rest/user/login" \
+    "id:950010,phase:2,pass,nolog,setvar:ip.login_count=+1,expirevar:ip.login_count=30"
+SecRule IP:LOGIN_COUNT "@gt 5" \
+    "id:950011,phase:2,deny,status:429,msg:'Rate Limit Exceeded on Login',log"

relatorio/relatorio.out

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relatorio/relatorio.tex

@@ -1,31 +1,12 @@
 \documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
 \usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
 \usepackage[lining]{ebgaramond}
-\usepackage{listings}
-\usepackage{booktabs}
-
 \usepackage{style}
 
-\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{
-    basicstyle=\ttfamily\footnotesize,
-    breakatwhitespace=false,         
-    breaklines=true,                 
-    captionpos=b,                    
-    keepspaces=true,                 
-    numbers=left,                    
-    numbersep=5pt,                  
-    showspaces=false,                
-    showstringspaces=false,
-    showtabs=false,                  
-    tabsize=2
-}
-
-\lstset{style=mystyle}
-
 \setlength{\parindent}{0em}
 \setlength{\parskip}{2ex}
 
-\title{Practical Assignment \#2}
+\title{Practical Assignment \#3}
 \author{
     João Neto -- 2023234004\\[1em]
     Vasco Alves -- 2022228207
@@ -33,216 +14,514 @@
 
 \begin{document}
 \maketitle
+
+\newpage
 \tableofcontents
+
 \newpage
 
-\section{Introdução}
+\section{Introduction}
 
-Este projeto tem como âmbito implementar, uma rede virtual privada (VPN) num cenário
-de road-warrior, configurar \textit{two-factor authentication} (2FA) com os serviços
-OpenVPN e Apache, e gerir certificados X.509 utilizando OCSP.
+% FAZER EM ENGLISH???  O prof é BR temos que fazer em Brazileiro
 
-% NOTE(vasco): Eu acho que basta explicar o cenario e explicar como decidimos 
-% implementar 
+Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar testes de penetração numa aplicação
+cobaia (o \textit{Juicebox}) desenhada para aprendizagem. 
 
-% Para tal, foi implementado um servidor e um cliente OpenVPN, certificados por uma
-% autoridade central (CA) que em si é \textit{self-signed}. Para além disto, foi implementado
-% um sistema de autenticação de dois factores através do plugin
-% \textit{google-authenticator} para o OpenVPN e para o servidor de Apache.
+Este trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar o \textbf{WSTG} (Web security
+testing guide) e configurar um ModSecurity reverse proxy como uma
+\textbf{WAF}. Para esse fim temos uma aplicação cobaia (o \textit{Juicebox})
+desenhada para aprendizagem que vamos utilizar num ambiente controlado
+para aprender como descobrir vulnerabilidades (aplicando o \textbf{WSTG}
+e recorrendo ao \textbf{OWASP ZAP}) e prevenir antes do serviço estar
+online (elaborando uma \textbf{WAF}).
 
-Decidimos utilizar apenas três máquinas virtuais: o cliente (ou \textit{road warrior}),
-a \textit{gateway} que utiliza OpenVPN e um servidor interno com OpenSSL e Apache. 
-Isto simplifica a elaboração do projecto, mas por razões de segurança poderia querer
-separar a máquina de OpenSSL de outras máquinas destinadas a serviços da rede intera,
-pois esta contém o \textit{certificate authority} CA. 
+\section{Architecture Considered for Both Stages}
 
-% Ambos o OpenVPN eo  servidor Apache utilizam 2FA,
-% recebendo o utilizador, e uma password que é uma concatenação da palavra-passe do utilizador
-% e de uma password temporária (TOTP) de 6 dígitos. O servidor de Apache implementa a mesma autenticação.
+Utilizámos somente duas máquinas virtuais: um servidor a correr \textit{CentOS 9}
+e um cliente a correr \textit{Kali Linux}. O servidor contém o serviço \textit{Apache},
+que age como \textit{firewall} através do módulo \textit{ModSecurity}, e um servidor
+\textit{Node.js} que aloja o \textit{Juicebox} --- a aplicação que vai
+servir de cobaia (\textit{dummy}).
 
-\begin{tabular}{l l l}
+% Vão ser realizadas duas etapas de testes: primeiro, sem WAF (\textit{Web Application Firewall})
+% e com foco em explorar vulnerabilidades na aplicação; e, posteriormente, com uma WAF configurada para 
+% mitigar as várias vulnerabilidades que foram encontradas na etapa anterior.
 
-   {\bf Nome} & {\bf Script} & {\bf Rede} \\\toprule
-   Road Warrior & VM\_ROAD\_WARRIOR.sh & Rede Externa 193.168.0.0/24 \\
-   VPN Gateway & VM\_OPENVPN\_GATEWAY.sh & Router \\
-   OpenSSL / Apache & VM\_OPENSSL\_APACHE.sh & Rede Interna 10.60.0.0/24 \\
+% Para simular utilizámos \textit{Virtual Box}, como nos outros projetos, para criar as maquinas virtuais. O cenario que foi criado tem duas máquinas virtuais (servidor e cliente), e ambas as maquinas estão ligadas há mesma rede interna. O servidor vai ser executado numa das maquinas e vai ter o sistema operativo \textit{CentOS 9}, edereço 20.60.0.1, alojar um servidor \textit{Node.js} com o \textit{Juicebox} (a aplicação cobaia) na port 3000 e contém o seviço \textit{Apache} que através do módulo \textit{ModSecurity} funcionará como \textbf{WAF}. O cliente vai ser processado na maquina com o sistema operativo \textit{Kali Linux} e vai ter o edereço 20.60.0.2.
+
+Com o ambiente criado foram realizadas duas etapas de testes:
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item \texttt{Primeira etapa}: Explorar vulnerabilidades na aplicação que existem sem a \textbf{WAF}
+	\item \texttt{Segunda etapa}:Verificar que vulnerabilidades foram mitigadas da primeira etapa com o uso de uma \textbf{WAF} configurada.
+\end{itemize}
+Realisticamente estas etapas podiam continuar a repetir-se, até que
+estivessemos satisfeitos com o resultado, mas para o fim deste projeto
+estas etapas serão suficientes.
+
+
+\subsection{Network structure}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item \textbf{Client (20.60.0.0/24)} Cliente.
+  \item \textbf{Server (10.60.0.0/24)} Apache+ModSecurity e JuiceShop.
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\subsection{Servers}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item \textbf{10.60.0.1} Servidor CentOS 9 com WAF e aplicação JuiceShop.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Services}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+    \toprule
+    Service             & Port \\\midrule
+    NodeJS (JuiceShop)  & 3000 \\
+    Apache (WAF)        & 80   \\
+    \bottomrule
 \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\section{Web application security testing}
 
-\section{Criação de certificados}
+\subsection{Information Gathering}
 
-Os certificados utilizados foram auto-certificados por uma autoridade central que "pertence" 
-à máquina de OpenSSL. Esta mesma faz a gestão da lista de revogação.
+Utilizámos a política por omissão (\textit{default policy}) para a
+realização do \textit{Active Scan} através do OWASP ZAP. Com esta
+abordagem, obtivemos múltiplos alertas automáticos. De forma a priorizar
+a análise, investigamos as alertas principais com base no maior nível de
+risco e grau de confiança reportados pela ferramenta.
 
-Todas as chaves foram criadas no mesmo computador, com as variáveis que estão
-neste código, aspetos importantes para mais tarde serão os parâmetros de CN
-que precisam de ser passados mais tarde para aceder ao Apache e ao gateway.
-Numa situação normal teríamos uma autoridade de certificação para enviar e
-no fundo gerir todos, mas para este cenário podemos inicializar as máquinas
-com as chaves, requests e certificados necessários.
+% Para conseguir informação inicial realizamos um \textit{Active Scan} através do \textit{OWASP ZAP}, o policy utilizado para esse scan foi \textit{Default Policy}. Foi obtido vários aletas automáticos devido a esse scan e decidimos investigar as alertas principais com base no nível de risco e grau de confiança reportado pela ferramenta.
 
-O código para gerar os certificados X.509: 
+Adicionalmente, realizámos testes de infraestrutura  utilizando ferramentas especializadas:
 
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-cert_ca="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=CoimbraVPN"
-cert_vpn="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=gateway"
-cert_user="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=warrior"
-cert_apache="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=apache.coimbra"
+\begin{codeblock}{bash}
+sqlmap -u "http://192.168.1.1:3000/rest/products/search?q=apple" -p q --level=5 --risk=3 --banner
+\end{codeblock}
 
-openssl genrsa -out "ca.key" 2048
-openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -key "ca.key" -out "ca.crt" -subj "$cert_ca"
-openssl genrsa -out "vpn.key" 2048
-openssl req -new -key "vpn.key" -out "vpn.csr" -subj "$cert_vpn"
-openssl ca -batch -in "vpn.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "vpn.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-openssl dhparam -out "dh2048.pem" 2048
-openvpn --genkey secret "ta.key"
-openssl genrsa -out user.key
-openssl req -new -key user.key -out user.csr -subj "$cert_user"
-openssl ca -batch -in "user.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "user.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-openssl genrsa -out apache.key
-openssl req -new -key apache.key -out apache.csr -subj "$cert_apache" -addext "subjectAltName = IP:10.60.0.1,DNS:apache"
-openssl ca -batch -in "apache.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "apache.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-\end{lstlisting}
+Ao executar o \textit{sqlmap}, descobrimos que o sistema de gestão de
+base de dados subjacente é o \textit{SQLite}.
 
-% Porque é que precisamos de uma chave secreta?
-% Criar chave secreta.
+Paralelamente, realizámos uma descoberta de ficheiros e diretórios
+através de técnicas de \textit{fuzzing} de URLs no OWASP ZAP recorrendo
+à lista de permissões da \textit{DirBuster}. Esta exploração revelou os
+seguintes endpoints publicamente expostos:
 
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-openssl --genkey secret ta.key
-\end{lstlisting}
-\section{Configuração geral}
-Para configurar as VMs era preciso introduzir os mesmos comandos várias vezes, o que levava muitas vezes a erros de escrita, ou a correr o mesmo comando várias vezes, por isso criamos vários ficheiros .sh para conseguir facilitar o processo. A utilização de ficheiros .sh também vem com outros positivos pois facilita a testagem, e a recriação do cenário rapidamente.
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \texttt{/ftp}: Servidor de armazenamento e transferência de ficheiros exposto. (Figura \ref{fig:ftp})
+    \item \texttt{/metrics}: Métricas internas da infraestrutura expostas. (Figura \ref{fig:metrics})
+    \item \texttt{/api-docs}: Documentação e esquemas estruturais da API. (Figura \ref{fig:swagger})
+\end{itemize}
 
-No entanto para os serviços que configuramos, instalar, desativar e dar flush às iptables não foi suficiente, tivemos que criar pastas e sincronizar os relógios de todas as VMs visto que elas estarem ligeiramente atrasadas nunca conseguíamos acertar na password do google-authenticator que utiliza o tempo local para calcular a sua chave.
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-yum install -y epel-release
-yum install -y openvpn iptables-services dhcp-client
-systemctl stop firewalld
-systemctl disable firewalld
-systemctl mask firewalld
-systemctl enable iptables
-iptables -F
-
-CA_DIR="/etc/pki/CA"
-mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/newcerts"
-mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/private"
-touch "${CA_DIR}/index.txt"
-cp ca/serial "${CA_DIR}/serial"
-
-mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/server
-mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/client
-
-# NOTE(vasco): tive problemas com a sincronizacao de tempo
-# se nao tiver sincronizado, o TOTP nao funciona
-systemctl stop chronyd
-ntpdate pool.ntp.org
-systemctl start chronyd
-\end{lstlisting}
-
-\section{Configuração da \textit{Gateway} VPN}
-
-\subsection{Configurar TOTP}
-
-Foi criado o ficheiro \texttt{totp} com a configuração de autenticação a 
-ser utilizada pelo plugin de PAM para o openvpn.
-
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-plugin /usr/lib64/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-auth-pam.so totp
-\end{lstlisting}
-
-Adicionalmente, devido às restrições de segurança do \textit{systemd},
-foi necessário desativar o \texttt{ProtectHome} no serviço do OpenVPN
-para que o plugin PAM consiga ler os ficheiros de segredo do Google Authenticator
-localizados nas diretorias \textit{home} dos utilizadores.
-
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-[Service]
-ProtectHome=false
-\end{lstlisting}
-
-Primeiro, na gateway, entramos como o utilizador desejado e obtemos a chave
-do gerador de palavras passes temporárias. Ao inserir a chave no 
-\texttt{google authenticator} podemos obter um código QR,  a nossa primeira
-chave de 6 dígitos.
-
-\begin{figure}[h]
+\begin{figure}[h!]
     \centering
-    \includegraphics[width=8em]{google-authenticator}
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ftp}
+    \caption{ftp}
+    \label{fig:ftp}
+\end{figure}
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{metrics}
+    \caption{metrics}
+    \label{fig:metrics}
+\end{figure}
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{swagger}
+    \caption{swagger}
+    \label{fig:swagger}
 \end{figure}
 
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-su john
-google-authenticator
-\end{lstlisting}
 
-\subsection{Encaminhamento e Firewall}
 
-Para que a gateway funcione como router entre a rede externa e a rede interna,
-foi necessário ativar o \textit{IP forwarding} no kernel e configurar as regras
-de \textit{iptables} para permitir o tráfego da VPN e realizar o mascaramento
-de IP (NAT).
+\subsection{Configuration and Deployment Management Testing}
 
-% NOTA(vasco): Não temos regras de DROP a packets
-% talvez deviamos mudar isso nao sei
+\subsubsection*{Enumerate Infrastructure and Application Admin Interfaces}
 
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-# Ativar encaminhamento
-echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
-sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
+Identificámos e testámos o acesso ao endpoint \texttt{/api-docs}
+(\textit{Swagger UI}), validando que as interfaces de documentação
+interna do sistema e as definições da API estavam publicamente expostas
+sem qualquer tipo de controlo de acesso ou autenticação prévia.
 
-# Regras de Firewall
-iptables -I INPUT 1 -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i tun0 -o enp0s9 -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i enp0s9 -o tun0 -j ACCEPT
-iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o enp0s8 -j MASQUERADE
-\end{lstlisting}
+\subsubsection*{Test HTTP Methods}
 
-\section{Configuração do Cliente (Road Warrior)}
+Testámos os métodos HTTP permitidos pelo servidor através do envio de
+pedidos \texttt{OPTIONS}. Verificámos que o servidor aceita métodos
+potencialmente perigosos ou desnecessários para utilizadores comuns em
+rotas específicas, expandindo a superfície de ataque da aplicação.
 
-O cliente encontra-se na rede externa (\texttt{193.136.212.10}) e liga-se à VPN
-gateway na porta 1194. Para garantir a segurança, utilizamos autenticação mútua (os certificados X.509)
-e um \textit{two factor authentication} (2FA) como palavras-passe temporárias, geradas através do
-\textit{Google Authenticator}.
+\subsubsection*{Test File Permission}
 
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-client
-dev tun
-proto udp
-remote 193.136.212.1 1194
-ca ca.crt
-cert user.crt
-key user.key
-auth-user-pass
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-\end{lstlisting}
+Analisámos as permissões de acesso no diretório \texttt{/ftp}.
+Verificámos que a falta de restrições rígidas ao nível do sistema de
+ficheiros permite a qualquer utilizador anónimo listar o conteúdo de
+diretórios estruturais e descarregar ficheiros não indexados na
+interface principal da aplicação.
 
-\section{Servidor Apache e OCSP}
 
-O servidor interno (\texttt{10.60.0.1}) alberga o serviço Apache e o responder OCSP
-da autoridade de certificação.
 
-\subsection{Revocation e OCSP}
+\subsection{Identity Management Testing}
+
+\subsubsection*{Test Role Definitions}
+
+Efetuámos testes de manipulação de parâmetros do lado do cliente através
+das ferramentas de programador do navegador. Adicionámos manualmente os
+cookies \texttt{isAdmin} com o valor \texttt{true} e \texttt{role} com o
+valor \texttt{admin}. Após a atualização da página, não observámos
+qualquer escalonamento de privilégios, indicando que a aplicação não
+valida perfis administrativos com base nestes cookies específicos.
+
+\subsubsection*{Test User Registration Process}
+
+Utilizámos o OWASP ZAP para intercetar o tráfego de rede e definir um
+\textit{breakpoint} no pedido HTTP POST de registo de novos utilizadores.
+Modificámos o corpo do pedido JSON, injetando manualmente o parâmetro
+\texttt{"role":"admin"}:
+
+\begin{codeblock}{json}
+{
+  "email": "johnGomas@gmail.com",
+  "role": "admin",
+  "password": "password",
+  "passwordRepeat": "password",
+  "securityQuestion": {
+    "id": 2,
+    "question": "Mother's maiden name?",
+    "createdAt": "2026-05-30T12:28:33.216Z",
+    "updatedAt": "2026-05-30T12:28:33.216Z"
+  },
+  "securityAnswer": "poker"
+}
+\end{codeblock}
+
+O servidor backend processou o pedido sem validar se o utilizador
+possuía autorização para definir o seu próprio perfil, o que resultou
+na criação bem-sucedida de uma conta com permissões totais de
+administrador (\textit{Mass Assignment Vulnerability}).
+
+\subsubsection*{Testing for Account Enumeration and Guessable User Account}
+
+Ao tentar registar um utilizador com o e-mail
+\texttt{admin@juice-sh.op}, verificámos que a aplicação devolve uma
+mensagem de erro explícita indicando que o e-mail já se encontra
+registado no sistema. Este comportamento confirma a vulnerabilidade de
+enumeração de contas, permitindo a um atacante mapear quais os e-mails
+válidos na plataforma.
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{email-unique}
+    \caption{email-unique}
+    \label{fig:email-unique}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsubsection*{Testing for Weak or Unenforced Username Policy}
+
+Após testar vários caracteres especiais no formulário de registo,
+criámos um utilizador com os seguintes dados nos campos de input:
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item \textbf{E-mail:} \texttt{son'or1=1--@gmail.com}
+    \item \textbf{Nome/Campos Adicionais:} \texttt{<h1>STRONG}
+\end{itemize}
+A aplicação aceitou o registo sem validar a presença de carateres de
+injeção SQL ou tags HTML. Contudo, verificámos que é impossível efetuar
+login com esta conta posteriormente, uma vez que o processo de
+autenticação falha e resulta num erro genérico do tipo
+\texttt{[object Object]} no ecrã.
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{email-invalido}
+    \caption{email-invalido}
+    \label{fig:email-invalido}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Authentication Testing}
+
+Realizámos testes de \textit{fuzzing} automatizado contra o formulário
+de login utilizando dicionários de credenciais. Identificámos que a
+aplicação não implementa mecanismos de bloqueio de conta ou limitação
+de taxa de pedidos \textit{rate limiting}, permitindo ataques contínuos
+de \textit{brute force}.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Authorization Testing}
+
+Testámos as permissões de acesso ao diretório \texttt{/ftp} e
+verificámos que o servidor está configurado para permitir nativamente
+apenas a visualização de ficheiros com as extensões \texttt{.md} e
+\texttt{.pdf}.
+
+Seguidamente, explorámos falhas na validação de inputs através de uma
+injeção de \textit{Null Byte} codificado (\texttt{\%2500.md} ou
+\texttt{\%2500.pdf}). O ataque foi bem-sucedido e contornou a validação
+de extensões do servidor, garantindo o acesso e descarregamento de
+ficheiros confidenciais restritos: \texttt{encrypt.pyc} e
+\texttt{suspicious\_errors.yml}.
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{suspiciouserrors}
+    \caption{suspiciouserrors}
+    \label{fig:suspiciouserrors}
+\end{figure}
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{suspiciouserrors2}
+    \caption{suspiciouserrors2}
+    \label{fig:suspiciouserrors2}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Session Management Testing}
+
+Identificámos que o cookie \texttt{token}, responsável por armazenar o
+identificador da sessão ativa do utilizador, possui a flag
+\texttt{HttpOnly} configurada como \texttt{false}. A ausência desta
+proteção significa que o token está totalmente exposto e pode ser lido
+por scripts do lado do cliente, tornando a sessão criticamente vulnerável
+a roubo por Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
+
+\subsection{Input Validation Testing}
+
+\subsubsection*{Testing for Reflected Cross Site Scripting}
+
+Durante a auditoria à barra de pesquisa de produtos, validámos a
+existência de uma vulnerabilidade de \textit{Reflected Cross-Site
+Scripting} (XSS) devido à ausência de higienização do input do
+utilizador.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
-    \item Estabelecer a ligação VPN e verificar a conectividade à rede interna.
-    \item No diretório da autoridade de certificação (máquina \textit{host}), revogar o certificado do utilizador:
-    \begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-openssl ca -revoke user.crt -config cheese.cfg -keyfile ca.key -cert ca.crt
-    \end{lstlisting}
-    \item Atualizar o ficheiro \texttt{index.txt} no servidor OCSP e reiniciar o serviço para carregar o novo estado de revogação.
-    \item Tentar estabelecer uma nova ligação VPN e verificar que a autenticação falha devido à resposta \texttt{revoked} do responder OCSP.
+    \item \textbf{Injeção HTML:} Introduzimos o valor \texttt{<h1>apple} na pesquisa e verificámos que o resultado foi renderizado no navegador como um título estrutural, confirmando que o código HTML é injetado diretamente na página.
+    \item \textbf{Tentativa com Script Direto:} Inserimos o payload tradicional \texttt{<script>alert("someones gotta do it")</script>apple}. Esta tentativa não foi executada, demonstrando a presença de uma validação simples contra tags explícitas de script.
+    \item \textbf{Evasão com Evento de Erro:} Para contornar a restrição, injetámos uma tag de imagem com um caminho inválido acompanhado do manipulador de eventos \texttt{onerror}:
+    \begin{codeblock}{html}
+<img src="x" onerror="alert('someones gotta do it')">apple
+    \end{codeblock}
+    O filtro falhou ao inspecionar este atributo e o navegador executou o código JavaScript com sucesso quando a imagem falhou o carregamento.
 \end{enumerate}
 
+\subsubsection{Testing for SQL Injection}
+Adicionalmente, explorámos o mesmo parâmetro de pesquisa recorrendo ao
+\textit{sqlmap} para validar falhas de injeção SQL, conseguindo extrair
+com sucesso a estrutura de 22 tabelas da base de dados:
 
-\section{Conclusão}
+\begin{codeblock}{bash}
+sqlmap -u "http://10.60.0.1:3000/rest/products/search?q=apple" -p q --dbms=sqlite --prefix="'%" --suffix="%'--" --tables --batch
 
-% Conclusão!!!
-Atingimos o objetivo deste trabalho, conseguimos configurar o VPN tunnel,
-o two-factor authentication e conseguimos criar e retirar acesso aos
-certificados que emitimos. Utilizar mais maquinas para simular um cenario
-maior seria redundante, teriamos que emitir mais certificados mas não iamos
-aprender muito mais. 
+[22 tables]
++-----------------------+
+| Addresses             |
+| BasketItems           |
+| Baskets               |
+| Captchas              |
+| Cards                 |
+| ChallengeDependencies |
+| Challenges            |
+| Complaints            |
+| Deliveries            |
+| Feedbacks             |
+| Hints                 |
+| ImageCaptchas         |
+| Memories              |
+| PrivacyRequests       |
+| Products              |
+| Quantities            |
+| Recycles              |
+| SecurityAnswers       |
+| SecurityQuestions     |
+| Users                 |
+| Wallets               |
+| sqlite_sequence       |
++-----------------------+
+\end{codeblock}
+
+
+Apesar de não ter sido detetado pelo active scan foi feito fuzzing nos
+detalhes de login para saber se estava vulneravel a esse tipo de ataques
+visto que existia essa vulnerabilidade noutros paremetros. Verificamos
+que de facto também estava vulneravel a SQL Injection, e que a resposta
+era a tabela com o
+
+\subsection{Testing for Error Handling}
+
+Ao tentar forçar o acesso a uma página ou ficheiro inexistente no
+servidor de ficheiros, como por exemplo na rota \texttt{/ftp/teste},
+a aplicação falhou ao tratar a exceção de forma segura. Em vez de
+apresentar uma página de erro genérica (404), o servidor devolveu uma
+resposta detalhada expondo o \textit{stack trace} completo do ambiente
+\textit{Express.js}, revelando caminhos internos do sistema de ficheiros
+do servidor.
+
+
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{stack-trace}
+    \caption{stack-trace}
+    \label{fig:stack-trace}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Client Side Testing}
+
+Validámos que o token de sessão (JWT) do utilizador autenticado está
+armazenado diretamente no \texttt{localStorage} do navegador. Uma vez
+que o \texttt{localStorage} não possui mecanismos de proteção
+equivalentes à flag \texttt{HttpOnly} dos cookies, qualquer script
+executado no contexto da página consegue ler estes dados.
+
+Utilizando a falha de XSS identificada anteriormente na barra de pesquisas, injetámos o seguinte payload direcionado:
+
+\begin{codeblock}{html}
+<img src="x" onerror="alert(localStorage.getItem('token'))">apple
+\end{codeblock}
+
+A execução deste vetor permitiu extrair o conteúdo do token diretamente
+do armazenamento local da vítima. Isto prova que um atacante pode
+automatizar a exfiltração destas informações e assumir a identidade de
+qualquer utilizador afetado sem necessitar de saber as credenciais de
+acesso de forma persistente.
+
+
+\section{Web Application Security Firewall}
+
+\begin{codeblock}{modsecurity.conf}
+SecRuleEngine On
+SecRequestBodyAccess On
+SecResponseBodyAccess On
+SecDebugLog /var/log/modsecurity/debug.log
+SecDebugLogLevel 0
+SecAuditLogParts ABIJ
+SecAuditLogType Serial
+SecAuditLog /var/log/modsecurity/audit.log
+
+# sql injection
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "['\";]|--" \
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(?i:(?:select|insert|update|delete|drop|union|create|alter|truncate)\s+.+\s+from|'[^']*'|--|;|\b(or|and)\b\s+\d+\s*=\s*\d+)" \
+    "id:950001,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'SQL INJECTION ATTACK DETECTED!!!',log,t:urlDecode,t:sqlHexDecode,t:lowercase"
+
+# xss / html injection
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(<.*>)|(%3C.*%3E)" \
+    "id:950003,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'XSS/HTML INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
+
+# command injection
+SecRule ARGS "(\"role\".*:.*\"admin\")|exec|cat|more|ls|dir|/etc/passwd" \
+    "id:950006,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'COMMAND INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
+
+# path traversal
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|\.\./|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
+    "id:950007,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'PATH TRAVERSAL ATTEMPT!!!',log"
+
+# exposed stuff (redundante ?)
+SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
+    "id:950008,phase:2,deny,status:500,msg:'ATTEMPT TO ACCESS FTP, METRICS, API-DOCS!!!',log"
+
+# rate limiting on login endpoint
+# (max 5 requests per 30s per IP)
+SecAction \
+    "id:950009,phase:1,initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},pass,nolog"
+SecRule REQUEST_URI "@streq /rest/user/login" \
+    "id:950010,phase:2,pass,nolog,setvar:ip.login_count=+1,expirevar:ip.login_count=30"
+SecRule IP:LOGIN_COUNT "@gt 5" \
+    "id:950011,phase:2,deny,status:429,msg:'Rate Limit Exceeded on Login',log"
+\end{codeblock}
+
+
+\subsection{Information Gathering}
+
+O acesso direto via URL (e.g., \texttt{/ftp}, \texttt{/metrics}, \texttt{/api-docs}) é
+mitigado pela regra id:950008, que inspeciona o caminho do pedido (\texttt{REQUEST\_URI})
+e devolve \texttt{500} ao bloquear qualquer acesso direto a estes endpoints!
+A mitigação desta categoria é, portanto, completa ao nível de pedidos HTTP.
+
+\subsection{Configuration and Deployment Management Testing}
+
+A restrição de métodos HTTP e a validação de permissões de diretório requerem
+intervenção ao nível do servidor Apache ou da aplicação, estando fora do âmbito
+das regras \texttt{SecRule} definidas.
+
+\subsection{Identity Management Testing}
+
+A regra de XSS/injeção HTML (id:950003) bloqueia eficazmente o registo de utilizadores
+com tags HTML nos campos de \textit{input}, como \texttt{<h1>STRONG}, devolvendo um erro
+\texttt{403 Forbidden} antes que o pedido chegue à aplicação. 
+
+A vulnerabilidade de escalonamento de permissões (injeção do campo
+\texttt{"role":"admin"} no corpo JSON do registo) \textbf{é mitigada
+pela regra id:950006}, que deteta a sequência
+\texttt{"role".*:.*"admin"} nos argumentos do pedido e devolve
+\texttt{403 Forbidden}, impedindo a criação de contas com perfil de
+administrador. 
+
+A enumeração de contas via mensagens de erro da aplicação \textbf{permanece sem mitigação} ao nível da WAF.
+
+\subsection{Authentication Testing}
+
+As regras id:950009--950011 implementam um mecanismo de \textit{rate limiting} sobre o
+endpoint de autenticação (\texttt{/rest/user/login}). Para cada endereço IP, é mantido
+um contador de pedidos com janela deslizante de 30 segundos: ao ultrapassar 5 tentativas
+nessa janela, o servidor devolve \texttt{429 Too Many Requests}, bloqueando eficazmente
+ataques de \textit{brute force} por dicionário.
+
+O bloqueio de contas após múltiplas tentativas falhadas permanece fora do âmbito da WAF,
+exigindo lógica aplicacional.
+
+\subsection{Authorization Testing}
+
+A regra id:950007 e id:950008 bloqueiam o uso de \textit{null byte}
+codificadas para cobrir este vetor de ataque.
+
+\subsection{Session Management Testing}
+
+A configuração da WAF não tem capacidade de alterar os atributos dos
+cookies definidos pela aplicação. Logo, a flag \texttt{HttpOnly} do cookie
+\texttt{token} continua ausente, uma vez que esta é uma propriedade
+definida pelo \textit{JuiceShop}. Ainda assim, a mitigação do XSS
+pela regra id:950003, descrita na subsecção seguinte, reduz
+indiretamente o risco de roubo de sessão ao bloquear os vetores que
+permitiriam a sua exploração.
+
+\subsection{Input Validation Testing}
+
+A regra de SQL Injection (id:950001) bloqueia com sucesso pedidos ao
+endpoint de pesquisa de produtos que contenham caracteres como
+\texttt{'}, \texttt{"}, \texttt{;} ou a sequência \texttt{--},
+devolvendo \texttt{403 Forbidden}.
+
+O payload utilizado pelo \textit{sqlmap} ou por outros fuzzers 
+com \textit{SQL injections} são interceptado nesta fase.
+
+A regra de XSS/injeção HTML (id:950003) bloqueia igualmente os payloads com tags
+\texttt{<img src="x" onerror="...">} e \texttt{<h1>}, neutralizando
+ambos estes vetores de ataque.
+
+\subsection{Testing for Error Handling}
+
+A exposição do \textit{stack trace} do \textit{Express.js} em rotas
+inexistentes (e.g., \texttt{/ftp/teste}) aind não é mitigada. Para
+suprimir estas respostas de erro detalhadas era necessário ativar 
+a inspeção do corpo da resposta e definir regras sobre o seu
+conteúdo, ou configurar páginas de erro personalizadas no Apache.
+
+\subsection{Client Side Testing}
+
+O payload de exfiltração do token JWT via XSS 
+(\texttt{<img src="x" onerror="alert(localStorage.getItem('token'))">})
+é bloqueado pela regra id:950003, uma vez que contém a expressão
+\texttt{<.*>}. 
+
+\section{Conclusions}
+
+Foi feita uma análise extensa dos possiveis vetores de ataque da aplicação
+e com isso desenvolvemos uma \textbf{WAF} que cobriu uma maioria dos
+ataques. Contudo, as vulnerabilidades estruturais da aplicação, como a ausência de flags \texttt{HttpOnly} em cookies,
+a lógica de enumeração de utilizadores e a exposição de \textit{stack traces}, competem diretamente
+ao desenvolvimento seguro do código e à configuração do web server. 
+
+Em suma, com poucas regras simples foi possible bloquear a maioria das ameaças de 
+injeção de código malicioso, no entanto, para cobrir uma maior superficie
+de ataques seria necessário mudar a lógica interna da aplicação.
 
-% Para aprofundar (???)
 
 \end{document}

relatorio/relatorio.toc

@@ -1,11 +1,28 @@
 \babel@toc {portuguese}{}\relax 
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introdução}{2}{section.1}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Criação de certificados}{2}{section.2}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Configuração geral}{3}{section.3}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Configuração da \textit {Gateway} VPN}{3}{section.4}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Configurar TOTP}{3}{subsection.4.1}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Encaminhamento e Firewall}{4}{subsection.4.2}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Configuração do Cliente (Road Warrior)}{4}{section.5}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Servidor Apache e OCSP}{5}{section.6}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Revocation e OCSP}{5}{subsection.6.1}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Conclusão}{5}{section.7}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{3}{section.1}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Architecture Considered for Both Stages}{3}{section.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Network structure}{3}{subsection.2.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Servers}{3}{subsection.2.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Services}{3}{subsection.2.3}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Web application security testing}{4}{section.3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Information Gathering}{4}{subsection.3.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Configuration and Deployment Management Testing}{4}{subsection.3.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Identity Management Testing}{6}{subsection.3.3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Authentication Testing}{7}{subsection.3.4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Authorization Testing}{7}{subsection.3.5}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Session Management Testing}{9}{subsection.3.6}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Input Validation Testing}{9}{subsection.3.7}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.7.1}Testing for SQL Injection}{10}{subsubsection.3.7.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.8}Testing for Error Handling}{10}{subsection.3.8}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.9}Client Side Testing}{11}{subsection.3.9}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Web Application Security Firewall}{11}{section.4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Information Gathering}{12}{subsection.4.1}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Configuration and Deployment Management Testing}{12}{subsection.4.2}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Identity Management Testing}{13}{subsection.4.3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Authentication Testing}{13}{subsection.4.4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Authorization Testing}{13}{subsection.4.5}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Session Management Testing}{13}{subsection.4.6}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Input Validation Testing}{13}{subsection.4.7}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8}Testing for Error Handling}{14}{subsection.4.8}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9}Client Side Testing}{14}{subsection.4.9}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Conclusions}{14}{section.5}%

relatorio/style.sty

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 \usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
 \usepackage{enumitem,amssymb}
 \usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=blue,linkcolor=MidnightBlue]{hyperref}
-\graphicspath{{./img/}}
+\graphicspath{{./imgs/}}
 
 \usepackage{enumitem,amssymb}
 \newlist{todolist}{itemize}{2}
@@ -17,7 +17,47 @@
 \usepackage{pifont}
 \usepackage{amssymb}
 
-\usepackage{minted}
+\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
+\tcbuselibrary{listings, skins, breakable}
+
+\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{
+    basicstyle=\ttfamily\footnotesize,
+    breakatwhitespace=false,         
+    breaklines=true,                 
+    captionpos=b,                    
+    keepspaces=true,                 
+    numbers=left,                    
+    numbersep=5pt,                  
+    showspaces=false,                
+    showstringspaces=false,
+    showtabs=false,                  
+    tabsize=2,
+    commentstyle=\color{gray},
+    keywordstyle=\color{MidnightBlue}\bfseries,
+    stringstyle=\color{ForestGreen}
+}
+
+\newtcblisting{codeblock}[2][]{
+    enhanced,
+    breakable,
+    colback=gray!2!white,
+    colframe=gray!20!black,
+    attach boxed title to top left={yshift*=-\tcboxedtitleheight/2, xshift=4mm},
+    boxed title style={
+        colback=gray!20!black,
+        outer arc=0pt,
+        arc=0pt,
+        top=1pt,
+        bottom=1pt,
+    },
+    fonttitle=\bfseries\ttfamily\footnotesize,
+    title={#2},
+    listing only,
+    listing options={
+        style=mystyle,
+        language=#1,
+    }
+}
 
 \setlength{\parskip}{1em}%
 \setlength{\parindent}{0em}%

relatorio/texput.log

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
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+entering extended mode
+ restricted \write18 enabled.
+ %&-line parsing enabled.
+**
+
+! Emergency stop.
+<*> 
+    
+End of file on the terminal!
+
+ 
+Here is how much of TeX's memory you used:
+ 4 strings out of 469495
+ 118 string characters out of 5470099
+ 433756 words of memory out of 5000000
+ 28764 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000
+ 627721 words of font info for 40 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000
+ 16 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191
+ 0i,0n,0p,1b,6s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s
+!  ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced!